A 13th-Century Enumeration Algorithm, Ignored for 700 Years

An author explores a 13th-century Kabbalistic algorithm for permuting letters, discovered in the writings of Abraham Aboulafia. The article details the mathematical rigor behind the 'Tserouf' method and how it systematically enumerates permutations.
This is the first article in a series about a discovery I made while researching Tserouf in the writings of the Kabbalist Abraham Aboulafia (1240 – after 1291). Tserouf is the Kabbalistic art of permuting the letters — and, in plain mathematical terms, it is the enumeration of all the permutations of an n -letter word.
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