Satellite imagery shows Russia adapting submarine defences amid drone threats

New high-resolution satellite imagery shows Russia is using a combination of partial submersion and anti-drone structures to protect its Kalibr-capable submarines at the Novorossiysk naval base, according to Ukrainian defence outlet Defense Express.The imagery, released by the UK Ministry of Defence, shows three Russian Project 636.3 Varshavyanka-class diesel-electric submarines in Novorossiysk Bay. The submarines are among the platforms used by Russia to launch 3M14 Kalibr cruise missiles at targets in Ukraine.Two of the submarines moored inside the inner harbour are fitted with large anti-drone structures known as “grills” or “barbecues”, according to Defense Express, which analysed the satellite imagery.The submarines are also being kept partially submerged, with most of their hulls beneath the water while their upper structures and sails remain above the surface.According to Defense Express, the combination provides two layers of protection against Ukrainian drones. The water surrounding the submerged portion of the submarine could reduce the effect of an aerial drone strike, while the anti-drone structures provide additional protection to the exposed sail.The sail houses retractable masts, hatches and other sensitive equipment needed for submarine operations, making it a particularly vulnerable section of the vessel, the outlet said.The imagery, dated June 13, also indicates that Russia is combining two protective measures that had previously been observed separately. Defense Express said Russian forces have reportedly kept submarines partially submerged at Novorossiysk since 2024, while the installation of anti-drone grills on the vessels had been documented earlier by the UK MoD.The partial-submersion arrangement may also allow the submarines to remain connected to shore-based utilities while retaining access through the exposed sail, according to Defense Express.However, the third submarine visible in the imagery does not appear to have an anti-drone grill.Defense Express offered two possible explanations. It said the submarine could have been preparing to leave the port, with the protective structure removed before departure. Alternatively, the outlet suggested it could be a Varshavyanka-class submarine previously damaged by a Ukrainian underwater drone and possibly awaiting disposal.That identification and the suggestion that the submarine may be beyond economical repair are possibilities raised by Defense Express, not conclusions established by the satellite imagery itself.The latest imagery nevertheless shows that Russia is adapting the protection of its Black Sea Fleet submarines as Ukrainian drone attacks pose an increasing threat to naval assets at port.